16th Century The Technology, Science, and Inventions

The 16th century was a time of unprecedented change that saw the very beginning of the modern era of science, great exploration, religious and political turmoil, and extraordinary literature. In 1543, Copernicus published his theory that the earth was not the center of the universe, but rather, that the Earth and the other planets orbited around the sun. Called the Copernican Revolution, his theory forever changed astronomy, and ultimately changed all of science. During the  16th century, advancements were also made in the theories of mathematics, cosmography, geography, and natural history. In this century inventions related to the fields of engineering, mining, navigation, and the military arts were prominent. 1500–1509 In 1500, the wheel-lock musket was invented, a firearm device that could be fired by a single individual, ushering in a new form of warfare. Renaissance artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci began painting his Mona Lisa in 1503, and finished it three years later; in 1508, Michaelangelo began painting the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome. The first reported enslaved person is described in the Americas in 1502; and in 1506, Genovese explorer Christopher Columbus, discoverer of that New World, died in Valladolid,  Spain. 1510–1519 The Renaissance continued to fire up the modern artists and technicians during this second decade. In 1510, Da Vinci designed the horizontal water wheel; and in Nuremberg, Germany Peter Henlein invented the first portable pocket watch. The Swiss artist Urs Graf invented etching in his studio in 1513, and the same year Machiavelli wrote The Prince. The Protestant Reformation began in 1517 when firebrand Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses on a church door in Saxony. The year 1519 saw the death of Da Vinci in Amboise, France, at the age of 67; the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan left Seville on August 10, 1519, to explore the globe; and Charles I, King of Spain, became the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. 1520–1529 In 1521, two years after he left Seville, Magellan was killed in the Philippines; only 18 of his 270 shipmates made it home to Spain. In 1527, Charles V took his army and sacked Rome, ending the Italian Renaissance. 1530–1539 In 1531, King Henry VIII broke away from Rome and created the Church of England, naming himself the head of the church, and beginning decades of political upheaval; he had his second wife Anne Boleyn beheaded in London in 1536. The Ottoman Empire captured Baghdad in 1534. In 1532, Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in South America. The city of Buenos Aires in what would become Argentina was founded in 1536. 1540–1549 The Polish astronomer Nicholaus Copernicus published his blasphemous theory that the earth and planets revolved around the sun in 1543; King Henry VIII died in England in 1547. The Ming Dynasty government of China led by Zhu Houcong, the Jiajing Emperor, closed the nation to all foreign trade in 1548. 1550–1559 The political disruption led by Henry VIII continued after this death. In 1553, his daughter Mary Tudor, known as Bloody Mary, became queen regent of England and restored the Church of England to papal authority. But in 1558, after Mary died Henrys daughter by Anne Boleyn, her half-sister Elizabeth Tudor became Queen Elizabeth I, beginning the Elizabethan Era, widely regarded as the pinnacle of the English Renaissance. 1560–1569 The 1560s saw the resurgence of the bubonic plague, which killed 80,000 people in England in 1563, 20,000 in London alone. English essayist Francis Bacon was born in London  in 1561, and playwright William Shakespeare was born on Stratford-on-Avon in 1564. That same year, Italian scientist and inventor Galileo Galilei was born in Florence, Italy. A graphite pencil was invented by the German-Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in 1565; bottled beer appeared in London pubs in 1568, and Gerardus Mercator invented the Mercator map projection in 1569. 1570–1579 In 1571, Pope Pious  V established Holy League to combat Ottoman Turks; and in 1577 English explorer Francis Drake began his voyage around the world. 1580–1589 In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII established the Gregorian calendar, which remains in use, with some modifications, to this day.  In 1585, the Colony of Roanoke was established by English settlers in territory that would later become Virginia.  Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed as a traitor by Queen Elizabeth I in 1587. In 1588, England resoundingly defeated the Spanish Armada, and in 1589, Englishman William Lee invented the knitting machine called the stocking frame. 1590–1599 In the Netherlands, Zacharias Janssen invented the compound microscope in 1590; Galileo invented the water thermometer in 1593. In1596, Rene Descartes, future philosopher, and mathematician, was born in France; and the first flush toilets appeared, invented and built for Queen Elizabeth I.

Marketing Plan for Milk Tea - 7890 Words

* 1. Student Names amp; McGill ID BRILLANT, Aà ¯sha 260194236 CHENG, Chin-Yun 260014110 JOLIN LESSARD, Audrey 260180785 LEBLANC, Genevià ¨ve 260188501 MURCIA, Nicolas 260177704 NGUYEN, Jean-Louis 260078995 TIAN, Yu 260177360 Course Information Marketing Management I MCGR 352, Section 005 Professor: Constantina Kavadas Marketing Plan Part 1: Market and Consumer Profile Date of submission: Wednesday, March 29th, 2006 2 * 2. The following marketing plan forms the basis for the introduction of an innovative new product by the Coca-Cola Company. The analysis allows us to outline the best strategies to follow for the achievement of the company’s strategic goals. â€Å"Bubble Buzz† will be marketed as a unique functional drink while striving to†¦show more content†¦In the 1980s and 1990s, however, other beverages (from bottled water to tea) became more popular. Coca-Cola and Pepsi responded by expanding their offerings through alliances (e.g. Coke amp; Nestea) and a cquisitions (e.g. Coke amp; Minute Maid), but also by focusing efforts on portfolio diversification. Today, while the soft drink industry’s value has increased in 2004, the volume sales of carbonated soft drinks has declined due to a large proportion of consumers who are opting for the trend towards healthier alternatives in the functional drink segment (energy drinks, smoothies, milk amp; juice drinks, sports drinks) as well as bottled juices and water (ref.5). Companies have been actively engaged in new product developments in order to counter the growing concerns about negative health impacts of high-fructose drinks, but also to increase the demand in a market where product offerings are quickly maturing (ref.4). New flavor introductions and health-conscious formulations have been launched in an attempt to offset the decline in carbonated soft drink sales (ref.6). The functional market is expected to show sustained growth and consumer interest in the future years as consum ption shifts to trendier, healthier and more sophisticated products (ref.7). Profitability amp; future growth potential: In 1993, Concentrate Producers earned 29% pretax profits on their sales, while bottlersShow MoreRelatedThe Use of Promotion Strategy770 Words   |  4 PagesPromotion Strategy: The effective use of all the tools of marketing mix help a company to create, communicate and deliver value to potential customers. Promotion the fourth element of the marketing mix is generally divided into five differential tools, all of which contribute to the achievement of marketing objectives. These are: 1. Advertising: paid for space, time or material that promotes any company’s product or service. 2. Sales Promotion: short term incentives and offers that encourage peopleRead MoreCreative Ad The New Chai Coke Essay1407 Words   |  6 Pagesbegin with marketing objectives. 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Consumer market Vs Business market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 5. Macro environmental factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 6. Micro environmental factors†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 7. Segmentation Criteria†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..11 Primary Market†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreMarketing - Koi Cafe3767 Words   |  16 PagesMarketing Principles | (LAUNCH OF KOI SELF-SERVICE BUBBLE TEA MACHINE) | | | | Total word count: 3574 words | Table of content Page Executive Summary 3 Company’s Mission Statement 4 Company’s Objective 5 SWOT Analysis 6 Marketing Strategy 7, 8 Target Audience 9, 10 Marketing Mix 11 -Read MoreBusiness Plan of a Tea Bag4772 Words   |  20 Pages[pic] Business Plan Of TEA HOUSE [pic] Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology Business Plan Of TEA HOUSE Three in One Tea Bag Prepared For: Mr. Shihub Bin Hossain Lecturer, School of Business Prepared By: Tahia Nawar ID# 09.01.02.103 Ayesha Parven ID# 09.01.02.105 Sharmin Rahman ID# 09.01.02.123 Afrina Islam ID# 09.01.02.135 Course Title: Entrepreneurship Development Read MoreNestle s Marketing Strategies For Nestle1091 Words   |  5 Pagesbreakfast cereals, tea and coffee, confectionery, bottled water, dairy products, ice cream, pet foods, snacks and frozen foods. 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Managing A Ship Management Company

Question: Describe about the Managing A Ship Management Company. Answer: 1 Office Staff 1a.Location of office India Of the three locations namely Glasgow, Singapore and India shortlisted for setting up new office for Informal Ship management Ltd it decided to opt for India as the suitable location. It is based on two factors namely the cost of real estate property of the location and potential for ship management industry. Of the three location the cost per square foot per year is 115 US$ in Glasgow, 130 US$ in Singapore and 85 US$ in India and it is the last option India that provides cost advantage. In addition India holds the 16th position with a coastline of 7517 km and 13 major ports with 95% trade volume in maritime transport. 1b. Official language of the company India is multi linguistic country with many languages but Hindi and English are the most spoken language in the corporate world and majority of people understands, it[1]. In regard to Informal Ship management Ltd it is decided that English will be the Official language of the company. The reason for choosing the language is the parent company is based out of UK and the Indian location Chennai is more comfortable in English than Hindi so it acts as a more effective language for communication. 1cList of job title and members associated For Bulk carrier Job title Members associated Management Master Chief engineer Operational management Chief officer 2nd engineer 2nd officer 3rd engineer 3rd officer 4th engineer Electro Technical officer Supports Staffs Bonus/Store man chief cook OS/Greaser 11 steward AB/Greaser 1 cook For crew Job title Members associated Management Master Chief engineer Operational management Chief officer 2nd engineer 1st officer Cargo engineer 2nd officer 3rd engineer 3rd officer 4th engineer Electro Technical officer Supports Staffs Bonus/Store man chief cook OS/Greaser 11 steward AB/Greaser 1 cook 1d) Bulk Carrier Name Position held Nationality Gross Monthly Salary Gross annual salary Additional Costs(Transportation + training and fringe benefits) Master Indian 5600+1120+168=6888 82656 50+40+10=100 Chief Engineer English 4875+975+146.25=5996.25 71955 50+30+10=90 Chief Officer 2nd engineer Greek 3900+780+117=4797 57564 50+30+10=90 2nd officer 3rd engineer Scottish 2500+500+75=3075 36900 50+30+10=90 3rd officer 4th engineer Australian 1800+360+54=2214 26568 50+20+10=80 Electro technical officer Indian 2400+480+74.40=2954.4 31132.8 50+30+10=90 Chief cook Scottish 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 18081 50+20+10=80 Store man Indian 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 1808.1 20+10=30 Greaser I cook Scottish 1085+217+32.55=1334.55 16014.6 20+10=30 Greaser II steward French 870+174+26.10=1070.1 12840 20+10=30 Oil Tankers Name Position held Nationality Gross Monthly Salary Gross annual salary Additional Costs(Transportation + training and fringe benefits) Master Indian 5600+1120+168=6888 82656 50+40+10=100 Chief Engineer English 4875+975+146.25=5996.25 71955 50+30+10=90 Chief Officer 2nd engineer Greek 3900+780+117=4797 57564 50+30+10=90 1st officer cargo engineer English 3900+780+117=4797 57564 50+40+10=100 2nd officer 3rd engineer Scottish 2500+500+75=3075 36900 50+30+10=90 3rd officer 4th engineer Australian 1800+360+54=2214 26568 50+20+10=80 Electro technical officer Indian 2400+480+74.40=2954.4 31132.8 50+30+10=90 Chief cook Scottish 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 18081 50+20+10=80 Store man and pump man Indian 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 1808.1 20+10=30 Greaser I cook Scottish 1085+217+32.55=1334.55 16014.6 20+10=30 Greaser II steward French 870+174+26.10=1070.1 12840 20+10=30 1e) 1f Cost of the office per years area per feet 10 person reception broad room additional space Total space Sq feet 1200 288 240 1728 Cost of the person per years: - 85* 1728 =$146880 Additional costs for running the offcie = $36155 Additional costs for 10 persons=$361550 For bulk Total cost per year for one 10 persons =$508430 Total costs For 5 bulk carrier per years=$2542150 Monthly costs for office rental for 5 bulk carrier=$211846 For Oil tanker For Crew costs cost for office rental = $508430 Total costs for 5 crew costs per year =$2542150 Monthly costs for office rental=$211846 For both Yearly costs for both crew and bulk are = $2542150*2 =$5084300 Monthly costs for both crew and bulk are= $423691 2 Crew Cost 2a) identification of crewmembers and bulk carriers members Members for bulk carrier Job title Title No of employees Management Master 5 Chief engineer 5 TOTAL 10 Operational management Chief officer 2nd engineer 5 2nd officer 3rd engineer 5 3rd officer 4th engineer 5 Electro Technical officer 5 220 Supports Staffs Bonus/Store 5 man chief cook 5 OS/Greaser 11 steward 5 AB/Greaser 1 cook 5 20 Total members 50 For crew Job title Title No of employees Management Master 5 Chief engineer 5 TOTAL 10 Operational management Chief officer 2nd engineer 5 1st officer Cargo engineer 5 2nd officer 3rd engineer 5 3rd officer 4th engineer 5 Electro Technical officer 5 35 Supports Staffs Bonus/Store man chief cook 5 OS/Greaser 11 steward 5 AB/Greaser 1 cook 5 15 Total members 50 2b) Bulk Carrier Name Position held Nationality Gross Monthly Salary Gross annual salary Additional Costs(Transportation + training and fringe benefits) Total Master Indian 5600+1120+168=6888 82656 50+40+10=100 82756 Chief Engineer English 4875+975+146.25=5996.25 71955 50+30+10=90 72045 Chief Officer 2nd engineer Greek 3900+780+117=4797 57564 50+30+10=90 57654 2nd officer 3rd engineer Scottish 2500+500+75=3075 36900 50+30+10=90 36990 3rd officer 4th engineer Australian 1800+360+54=2214 26568 50+20+10=80 26648 Electro technical officer Indian 2400+480+74.40=2954.4 31132.8 50+30+10=90 31222.8 Chief cook Scottish 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 18081 50+20+10=80 18161 Store man Indian 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 18081 20+10=30 18111 Greaser I cook Scottish 1085+217+32.55=1334.55 16014.6 20+10=30 16044.6 Greaser II steward French 870+174+26.10=1070.1 12840 20+10=30 12870 Total 372502.4 Total cost for five ships = 372502.4*5=1862512 Oil Tankers Name Position held Nationality Gross Monthly Salary Gross annual salary Additional Costs(Transportation + training and fringe benefits) Total Master Indian 5600+1120+168=6888 82656 50+40+10=100 82756 Chief Engineer English 4875+975+146.25=5996.25 71955 50+30+10=90 72045 Chief Officer 2nd engineer Greek 3900+780+117=4797 57564 50+30+10=90 57654 1st officer cargo engineer English 3900+780+117=4797 57564 50+40+10=100 57664 2nd officer 3rd engineer Scottish 2500+500+75=3075 36900 50+30+10=90 36990 3rd officer 4th engineer Australian 1800+360+54=2214 26568 50+20+10=80 26648 Electro technical officer Indian 2400+480+74.40=2954.4 31132.8 50+30+10=90 31222.8 Chief cook Scottish 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 18081 50+20+10=80 18161 Store man and pump man Indian 1225+245+36.75=1506.75 18081 20+10=30 18111 Greaser I cook Scottish 1085+217+32.55=1334.55 16014.6 20+10=30 16044.6 Greaser II steward French 870+174+26.10=1070.1 12840 20+10=30 12870 Total 430166.4 Total cost for five ships = 430166.4*5=2150832 2c. Salary difference in Tanker and bulk carrier tour of duty Tanker tour of duty is normally less than that for bulk carriers and salaries are higher. Informal Ship management Ltd will continue this difference as the salary of the crew members are fixed based on the role and responsibility and not on the tour of duty[2]. They are different for staff working in tanker and bulk carrier with the former undertaking more risk than the later in terms of operation, extra machinery and cargo tank cleaning. 3 Management Fees 3a) affect of person employed and diversity of the staffs In present, 10 members have been selected to perform the operations for one site. Thereby, while operations functions properly then it may be required more staffs to perform operations effectively[3]. Thereby it is stated that this will affects numbers of person employed. As per the diversity concern, it has been seen that office will set up in India; thereby if organization hire more person are from Indian then work culture and performance will be improved. Overall, it has been stated that diversity has not much impact on organization performance. 3b) determine the services for supply and management fees Ship management costs Chennai Technical 4900 Crewing 2700 Fleet supports 1000 Shore premises costs 1000 Miscellaneous expenses 1000 Total costs monthly 107000 Total costs yearly 1284000 3c) Subtracting the annual salary for both the bulk and oil tankers together with the rental from the annual management fees 1284000-(1862512+2150832+2542150) = (-5271494) 3d Companys present state and changes required to increase profit Informal Ship management Ltd is new company and it is in the initial stage in the business life cycle. Thus the management of the company will aim for increasing the profit for the business of the company. The strategies taken for achieving the same will be focussing on the business development aspect both for bulk cargo and for tanker[4]. It will be supported by the operation efficiency of the staff involved and it will done by developing the skill and knowledge of the worker by rigorous training in handling bulk cargo and tanker. The company will focus on the bulk cargo in the Indian market as 95% of export in terms of volume and 70% in terms of value happen by the maritime and it provides huge opportunity for Informal Ship management Ltd to increase the profit and growth the business in the country. 4. From the above three tasks it is evident that the shipping management company named Informal Shipping Management Ltd will be launched in the Indian city, Chennai. This is based on the justification that the cost of the real estate property compared to Glassgow and Singapore of more attractive. In addition India has 13 ports and dispatches 95% of its cargo through the Maritime transport. Moreover, the business language has been chosen as English keeping in mind the linguistic comfort ability of the Chennai corporate culture. The list of job title identified for the bulk carrier are top management, operational management, support staff with job title like master, chief engineer, chief officer, electro technical officer, store man, chief cook and greaser. The same set of crew members are selected from the tanker business as well, the main difference is that the taker business include the cargo engineer. The salary component includes the gross salary, 20% of the full salary for national tax, 3% of the full salary for employee pension together with additional costs that include the transportation costs, training costs and the fringe benefits. The organigram has been depicted exhibiting the potential organizational structure that would be followed by the business. The cost of office per year amounts to 146880US$, the total costs for the bulk carriers amount to $2542150 and for the tanker it is 2542150. The amount that the company would have to pay as the salary for the members for bulk carriers amounts $1862512 and for the oil tanker amount to $2150832. The tanker tour of duty is less than the bulk carrier with high salary. It has been observed that the Informal Shipping Management Ltd also tends to follow the same trend since the tanker crew faces higher risk in terms of operation, extra machinery and cargo tank cleaning. Again, it has been observed that since the company emphasizes upon conducting all the businesses in house without sub contracting any business, the company in order to enhance the efficiency of its operations can recruit more staff members so, that the work load can be reallocated and each individual members would have to work as per their expertise which would allow them to carry out the tasks which are under their own expertise. The diversity would not be affected much. Moreover, the annual fees that would be achieved by the company by offering services like technical service, crewing service, fleet support, shore premises costs and miscellaneous expenses would amount $1284000 and after subtracting the annual salary for both the bulk and oil tankers together with the rental, it is observed that the company would be suffering from loss. The company present state can be defined as an initial stage in the business life cycle of the company and it aims to increase the profit in the fut ure. The company will use the strategy of developing the business and enhancing the skills and knowledge level of the operational staff. The focus of the company will be in the bulk cargo business as India exports 95% of cargo in terms of volume and 70% in terms value through maritime transport. Bibliography Perry, H. (2009).Ship management and operation. New York: Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co. Spruyt, J. (2007).Ship management. London: Lloyd's of London Press. Favre, D., Spruyt, J. and Willingale, M. (2008).Ship management. London: LLP. Guest, A. (2007).Ship management. 2nd ed. London: Lloyd's of London. Woodyard, D. (2009).Ship management. 4th ed. Colchester, Essex [England]: Lloyd's of London. Frankel, E. (2007). Ship management systems developments.Maritime Policy Management, 9(2), pp.135-143. Perry, H. (2009).Ship management and operation. New York: Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co. Dickie, J. (2009).Reeds 21st century ship management. 2nd ed.

Sam Shepard Essay Example For Students

Sam Shepard Essay Two recent monographs in important authors series from Twayne and Continuum are scholastically useful surveys of Sam Shepards career the sort of books you like to have handy on the shelf for brushing up on half-forgotten plots, tracking down errant quotations or noshing on a biographical snack. These books are headed for college libraries, where theyll bail out many an ill-prepared student from 11th-hour pre-seminar emergencies by diligently documenting a crucial American playwright and his work. And, with Shepard Neglect all the rage these days, its encouraging to find that at least these two publishers acknowledge his worth. David J. DeRose characterizes Shepards life and writing as a constant adventure in re-inventing the self and assigns chapters according to perceived phases in this persistent metamorphosis. He wisely avoids any attempt to enclose such a maverick and many-faced writers career in a single all-containing thesis, but offers instead the potentially liberating thought that Shepards plays demonstrate a preoccupation with heightened or critical states of consciousness. Unfortunately, DeRose strays from his non-pedagogical road. He succumbs to the temptation of assigning meaning to plays, as if they were a clever code hes managed to crack. He sometimes becomes disturbingly judgmental and dismissive of certain pop pastiche plays whose social-commentary messages seem disappointingly clear to him. Too bad, because an uncompromising exploration of states of consciousness those dramatized and those induced by the dramatization could be exciting if it werent required to bear the burden of finding equivalencies between stage and reality. Such connections actually distance the two realms by setting one apart as merely representative or emblematic of the other, rather than considering their common ground, the experience of the play, for what it is. DeRose is clearly aware of the hazard as he issues strong warnings against meaning-mining the early plays but he fails to apply this caveat consistently to his own discussion, and so distracts from a compelling approach. He speaks alluringly of the emotional landscape of the plays, then all too often retreats to the relatively safe terrain of telling us what a given play is about. The impression he can give is that Shepard, seeking to make a certain point or convey a specific effect, goes to his workbench, selects the appropriate tool and applies it or that style itself is a kind of clothing, an external thing. Hunting for clues Martin Tucker also offers a promising premise for his study: While looking for a one-to-one correspondence between events in the playwrights life and events in his work is nonsense, theres a case to be made, he says, that Shepards plays create a world view, which Tucker tantalizingly calls humanistic irony. His book treats the plays as happenings in the chronological-narrative progress of Shepards life. Along this relentlessly linear path, chapters divide the career by groups of years, except for one thematicanalytical section on Illusion and a collection of chiefly biographical tidbits called Notes on Shepard and His Friends. Tucker moves from play to play in sequence, somewhat ruthlessly discarding the explained pieces as yesterdays news once theyve yielded up their secrets to his scalpel. We get a hybrid biographical-critical story that, despite its protest to the contrary, hunts for clues, seeks methodically to solve the Problem of Shepard and His Plays, of what it all really mea ns, of who, in the end, Shepard is. Theres something a little ungainly about the method; it reminds me of the awkward and incongruous tags and collars attached to unwitting wildlife by conservationists tracking their behavior. Both books suffer from their own comprehensiveness, proving their points by attrition, exhausting every last special case rather than using the occasional inductive strategy that suggestively savors a few special cases so that we might then do some exploring on our own and assess for ourselves the wider truth of a specifically valid insight. .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 , .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .postImageUrl , .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 , .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26:hover , .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26:visited , .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26:active { border:0!important; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26:active , .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26 .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u88253f510f920173ca634d7a4552be26:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: From Sendak's kitchen: the author and illustrator has cooked up a hearty menu for children EssayPassions unspent Both critics make their often reasonable arguments in cool, distanced language, a voice of authoritative remove: DeRose writes with grim determination as he completes his task, while Tucker speaks like an academic bus-tour guide. Its obvious just from the physical size of these projects that both these dedicated critics feel passion for the playwright, yet they pretend to be emotionally disengaged. Consequently, the stories of these love affairs feel more like property contracts conceived in cool calculation by the light of boardroom lamps than the complex and breathing offspring of joined imaginations, born in some secret chamber of the heart. But the two series to which these volumes belong arent so much about feelings as theyre about data, encouraging these books to cover the subject (though covering can suffocate). A lot of educators must be held accountable, too, for placing a premium on answers, on explanation rather than evocation. Poetry in criticism is so rare. And these two books on Sam Shepard do offer considerable resources: Both provide excellent bibliographies, especially DeRoses, which is annotated. DeRose also makes use of previously unstudied archival materials, such as a number of lost plays and a fascinating interview with musical collaborator Catherine Stone. Both supply ample biographical information and make a number of intelligent points about plausible authorial intent and recurrent dramaturgical methods. Theyre especially good at cataloguing images. The books are thoroughly indexed, so that selective, need-specific reading is easy. And thats probably the best way to use them as readily-accessible reference works.